Association between burnout syndrome and anxiety in residents and anesthesiologists of the Federal District / Associação entre síndrome de burnout e ansiedade em residentes e anestesiologistas do Distrito Federal

Abstract Background and objective There is a shortage of studies addressing the association between burnout syndrome and anxiety among anesthesiologists. Identifying the relationship between these two conditions is of fundamental importance for the prevention, follow-up, and treatment of the professionals. Thus, we evaluated the association between burnout syndrome and anxiety in anesthesiologists and residents of anesthesiology in the Federal District. Method A cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of residents and anesthesiologists from the Federal District. The correlation between State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Burnout Syndrome (Maslach Burnout Inventory) was tested using multiple linear regression analysis, considering a significance level of 5%. Results Of the 78 completed forms, there were predominance of males (57.69%), mean age of 42 ± 9.7 years for anesthesiologists and 30 ± 2.9 years for residents. Burnout syndrome had a prevalence of 2.43% among anesthesiologists and 2.70% among resident physicians, while a high risk for its manifestation was 21.95% in anesthesiologists and 29.72% in resident physicians. There was a correlation between state-anxiety and the variables burnout emotional exhaustion, burnout depersonalization, and trait-anxiety. Regarding trait-anxiety, there was no statistically significant correlation with other variables. Conclusions There is association between state-anxiety and the emotional exhaustion dimensions of burnout, burnout depersonalization, and trait-anxiety. The occurrence of anxiety can negatively influence the way the individual faces daily stressors, which may be related to the use of ineffective strategies to cope with stress.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo Existe escassez de estudos sobre a associação entre a síndrome de burnout e ansiedade entre anestesiologistas. A identificação da relação entre as duas condições é de fundamental importância para a prevenção, o acompanhamento e tratamento dos profissionais. Assim, foi avaliada a associação entre síndrome de burnout e ansiedade nos anestesiologistas e residentes em anestesiologia do Distrito Federal. Método Estudo de corte transversal que usou amostra por conveniência composta por residentes e anestesiologistas do Distrito Federal. Correlação entre ansiedade (State Trait Anxiety Inventory) e síndrome de burnout (Maslach burnout Inventory) foi testada a partir da análise de regressão linear múltipla, considerou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Dos 78 formulários respondidos, houve predominância de indivíduos do sexo masculino (57,69%), com média de 42 ± 9,7 anos para os anestesiologistas e de 30 ± 2,9 anos para os residentes. A síndrome de burnout apresentou prevalência de 2,43% entre os anestesiologistas e 2,70% entre médicos residentes, enquanto alto risco para sua manifestação nos anestesiologistas foi de 21,95% e para médicos residentes, de 29,72%. Observou-se correlação entre ansiedade-estado e as variáveis exaustão emocional de burnout, despersonalização de burnout e ansiedade-traço. Em relação à ansiedade-traço não houve correlação estatisticamente significante com as demais variáveis. Conclusão Existe associação entre ansiedade-estado e as dimensões exaustão emocional de burnout, despersonalização de burnout e ansiedade-traço. A ocorrência de ansiedade pode influenciar negativamente a maneira como o indivíduo enfrenta os fatores estressores cotidianos, o que pode estar relacionado ao uso de ineficazes estratégias de enfrentamento diante do estresse.

[Association between burnout syndrome and anxiety in residents and anesthesiologists of the Federal District]. / Associação entre síndrome de burnout e ansiedade em residentes e anestesiologistas do Distrito Federal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is a shortage of studies addressing the association between burnout syndrome and anxiety among anesthesiologists. Identifying the relationship between these two conditions is of fundamental importance for the prevention, follow-up, and treatment of the professionals. Thus, we evaluated the association between burnout syndrome and anxiety in anesthesiologists and residents of anesthesiology in the Federal District. METHOD: A cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of residents and anesthesiologists from the Federal District. The correlation between State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Burnout Syndrome (Maslach Burnout Inventory) was tested using multiple linear regression analysis, considering a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Of the 78 completed forms, there were predominance of males (57.69%), mean age of 42 ± 9.7 years for anesthesiologists and 30 ± 2.9 years for residents. Burnout syndrome had a prevalence of 2.43% among anesthesiologists and 2.70% among resident physicians, while a high risk for its manifestation was 21.95% in anesthesiologists and 29.72% in resident physicians. There was a correlation between state-anxiety and the variables burnout emotional exhaustion, burnout depersonalization, and trait-anxiety. Regarding trait-anxiety, there was no statistically significant correlation with other variables. CONCLUSIONS: There is association between state-anxiety and the emotional exhaustion dimensions of burnout, burnout depersonalization, and trait-anxiety. The occurrence of anxiety can negatively influence the way the individual faces daily stressors, which may be related to the use of ineffective strategies to cope with stress.

Effect of dexmedetomidine in children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane: a meta-analysis / Efeito da dexmedetomidina em crianças submetidas à anestesia geral com sevoflurano

Abstract Background and objectives: Sevoflurane is often used in pediatric anesthesia and is associated with high incidence of psychomotor agitation. In such cases, dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been used, but its benefit and implications remain uncertain. We assessed the effects of DEX on agitation in children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane. Method: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical and double-blind studies, with children undergoing elective procedures under general anesthesia with sevoflurane, using DEX or placebo. We sought articles in English in PubMed database using the following terms: Dexmedetomidine, sevoflurane (Methyl Ethers/sevoflurante), and agitation (Psychomotor Agitation). Duplicate articles with children who received premedication and used active control were excluded. It was adopted random effects model with DerSimonian-Laird testing and odds ratio (OR) calculation for dichotomous variables, and standardized mean difference for continuous variables, with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Of 146 studies identified, 10 were selected totaling 558 patients (282 in DEX group and 276 controls). The use of DEX was considered a protective factor for psychomotor agitation (OR = 0.17; 95% CI 0.13-0.23; p < 0.0001) and nausea and vomiting in PACU (OR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.35-0.68; p < 0.0001). Wake-up time and PACU discharge time were higher in the dexmedetomidine group. There was no difference between groups for extubation time and duration of anesthesia. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine reduces psychomotor agitation during wake-up time of children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Sevoflurano é frequentemente usado em anestesia pediátrica e está associado à alta incidência de agitação psicomotora ao despertar. Nesses casos a dexmedetomidina (dex) tem sido usada, porém permanecem incertos seus benefícios e suas implicações. Foram avaliados os efeitos da dex sobre a agitação no despertar de crianças submetidas à anestesia geral com sevoflurano. Método: Metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados e duplamente encobertos, com crianças submetidas a procedimentos eletivos sob anestesia geral com sevoflurano, que usaram dex ou placebo. Buscaram-se artigos em língua inglesa na base de dados Pubmed com termos como Dexmedetomidine, sevoflurane (Methyl Ethers/sevoflurane) e agitation (Psychomotor Agitation). Artigos duplicados, com crianças que receberam medicação pré-anestésica e que usaram controle ativo foram excluídos. Adotou-se modelo de efeitos aleatórios com testes de DerSimonian-Laird e cálculo de odds ratio (OR) para variáveis dicotômicas e diferença de média padronizada para variáveis contínuas, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC). Resultados: Dos 146 estudos identificados, 10 foram selecionados, com 558 pacientes (282 no grupo dex e 276 controles). O uso da dex foi considerado fator de proteção para agitação psicomotora (OR = 0,17; 95% IC 0,13-0,23; p < 0,0001) e para náuseas e vômitos na SRPA (OR = 0,49; 95% IC 0,35-0,68; p < 0,0001). Tempo para despertar e para alta da SRPA foram maiores no grupo dexmedetomidina. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para tempo de extubação e duração da anestesia. Conclusão: A dexmedetomidina reduz a agitação psicomotora no despertar de crianças submetidas à anestesia geral com sevoflurano.

Effect of dexmedetomidine in children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sevoflurane is often used in pediatric anesthesia and is associated with high incidence of psychomotor agitation. In such cases, dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been used, but its benefit and implications remain uncertain. We assessed the effects of DEX on agitation in children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane. METHOD: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical and double-blind studies, with children undergoing elective procedures under general anesthesia with sevoflurane, using DEX or placebo. We sought articles in English in PubMed database using the following terms: Dexmedetomidine, sevoflurane (Methyl Ethers/sevoflurante), and agitation (Psychomotor Agitation). Duplicate articles with children who received premedication and used active control were excluded. It was adopted random effects model with DerSimonian-Laird testing and odds ratio (OR) calculation for dichotomous variables, and standardized mean difference for continuous variables, with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Of 146 studies identified, 10 were selected totaling 558 patients (282 in DEX group and 276 controls). The use of DEX was considered a protective factor for psychomotor agitation (OR=0.17; 95% CI 0.13-0.23; p<0.0001) and nausea and vomiting in PACU (OR=0.49; 95% CI 0.35-0.68; p<0.0001). Wake-up time and PACU discharge time were higher in the dexmedetomidine group. There was no difference between groups for extubation time and duration of anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine reduces psychomotor agitation during wake-up time of children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane.

[Effect of dexmedetomidine in children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane: a meta-analysis]. / Efeito da dexmedetomidina em crianças submetidas à anestesia geral com sevoflurano.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sevoflurane is often used in pediatric anesthesia and is associated with high incidence of psychomotor agitation. In such cases, dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been used, but its benefit and implications remain uncertain. We assessed the effects of DEX on agitation in children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane. METHOD: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical and double-blind studies, with children undergoing elective procedures under general anesthesia with sevoflurane, using DEX or placebo. We sought articles in English in PubMed database using the following terms: Dexmedetomidine, sevoflurane (Methyl Ethers/sevoflurante), and agitation (Psychomotor Agitation). Duplicate articles with children who received premedication and used active control were excluded. It was adopted random effects model with DerSimonian-Laird testing and odds ratio (OR) calculation for dichotomous variables, and standardized mean difference for continuous variables, with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Of 146 studies identified, 10 were selected totaling 558 patients (282 in DEX group and 276 controls). The use of DEX was considered a protective factor for psychomotor agitation (OR=0.17; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.23; p<0.0001) and nausea and vomiting in PACU (OR=0.49; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.68; p<0.0001). Wake-up time and PACU discharge time were higher in the dexmedetomidine group. There was no difference between groups for extubation time and duration of anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine reduces psychomotor agitation during wake-up time of children undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane.

Accidental catheterization of epidural venous plexus: tomographic analysis / Cateterização acidental do plexo venoso peridural: análise tomográfica

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Inadvertent venous catheterizations occur in approximately 9% of lumbar epidural anesthetic procedures with catheter placement and, if not promptly recognized, can result in fatal consequences. The objective of this report is to describe a case of accidental catheterization of epidural venous plexus and its recording by computed tomography with contrast injection through the catheter. CASE REPORT: A female patient in her sixties, physical status II (ASA), underwent conventional cholecystectomy under balanced general anesthesia and an epidural with catheter for postoperative analgesia. During surgery, there was clinical suspicion of accidental catheterization of epidural venous plexus because of blood backflow through the catheter, confirmed by the administration of a test dose through the catheter. After the surgery, a CT scan was obtained after contrast injection through the catheter. Contrast was observed all the way from the skin to the azygos vein, passing through anterior and posterior epidural venous plexuses and intervertebral vein. CONCLUSION: It is possible to identify the actual placement of the epidural catheter, as well as to register an accidental catheterization of the epidural venous plexus, using computed tomography with contrast injection through the epidural catheter.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A cateterização venosa inadvertida ocorre em aproximadamente 9% das anestesias peridurais lombares com introdução de cateter e caso não seja prontamente reconhecida pode trazer consequências fatais. O objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de cateterização acidental do plexo venoso peridural e o seu registro por tomografia computadorizada com injeção de contraste pelo cateter. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente feminina, sexagenária, estado físico II (ASA), submetida à colecistectomia convencional sob anestesia geral balanceada e peridural com cateter para analgesia pós-operatória. Durante cirurgia houve suspeição clínica de cateterização acidental do plexo venoso peridural, por refluxo de sangue pelo cateter, fato confirmado pela administração de dose-teste pelo cateter. Feita tomografia computadorizada com injeção de contraste pelo cateter, após o termino da cirurgia. Observado todo o trajeto do contraste desde a pele até a veia ázigo, passando pelo plexo venoso peridural anterior, posterior e veia intervertebral. CONCLUSÃO: É possível a identificação do real posicionamento do cateter peridural, bem como o registro da cateterização acidental do plexo venoso peridural, por meio de tomografia computadorizada com injeção de contraste pelo cateter peridural.

Accidental catheterization of epidural venous plexus: tomographic analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Inadvertent venous catheterizations occur in approximately 9% of lumbar epidural anesthetic procedures with catheter placement and, if not promptly recognized, can result in fatal consequences. The objective of this report is to describe a case of accidental catheterization of epidural venous plexus and its recording by computed tomography with contrast injection through the catheter. CASE REPORT: A female patient in her sixties, physical status II (ASA), underwent conventional cholecystectomy under balanced general anesthesia and an epidural with catheter for postoperative analgesia. During surgery, there was clinical suspicion of accidental catheterization of epidural venous plexus because of blood backflow through the catheter, confirmed by the administration of a test dose through the catheter. After the surgery, a CT scan was obtained after contrast injection through the catheter. Contrast was observed all the way from the skin to the azygos vein, passing through anterior and posterior epidural venous plexuses and intervertebral vein. CONCLUSION: It is possible to identify the actual placement of the epidural catheter, as well as to register an accidental catheterization of the epidural venous plexus, using computed tomography with contrast injection through the epidural catheter.

[Accidental catheterization of epidural venous plexus: tomographic analysis]. / Cateterização acidental do plexo venoso peridural: análise tomográfica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Inadvertent venous catheterizations occur in approximately 9% of lumbar epidural anesthetic procedures with catheter placement and, if not promptly recognized, can result in fatal consequences. The objective of this report is to describe a case of accidental catheterization of epidural venous plexus and its recording by computed tomography with contrast injection through the catheter. CASE REPORT: A female patient in her sixties, physical status II (ASA), underwent conventional cholecystectomy under balanced general anesthesia and an epidural with catheter for postoperative analgesia. During surgery, there was clinical suspicion of accidental catheterization of epidural venous plexus because of blood backflow through the catheter, confirmed by the administration of a test dose through the catheter. After the surgery, a CT scan was obtained after contrast injection through the catheter. Contrast was observed all the way from the skin to the azygos vein, passing through anterior and posterior epidural venous plexuses and intervertebral vein. CONCLUSION: It is possible to identify the actual placement of the epidural catheter, as well as to register an accidental catheterization of the epidural venous plexus, using computed tomography with contrast injection through the epidural catheter.

Prevalence of burnout syndrome among anesthesiologists in the Federal District / Prevalência de síndrome de burnout entre os anestesiologistas do Distrito Federal / Prevalencia del síndrome de burnout entre los anestesistas del Distrito Federal

BACKGROUND: Burnout syndrome is a result of chronic stress, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a sense of low professional accomplishment. It affects workers under extreme responsibility or those who care for individuals at risk, including anesthesiologists who distanced themselves from the work, patients and colleagues because they feel safer in maintaining indifference. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of burnout syndrome and the intensity of its components and identify the characteristics of those with the syndrome among anesthesiologists in the Federal District. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 241 anesthesiologists enrolled in the Society of Anesthesiology of the Federal District. A self-administered questionnaire was used, which included the Maslach Burnout Inventory, demographic, professional, and leisure data. RESULTS: Of the 134 completed questionnaires (55.8%), there was a predominance of male (65.6%), aged 30-50 years (67.9%). Significant lower levels of job satisfaction (47.7%), depersonalization (28.3%), and emotional exhaustion (23.1%) were found. Burnout syndrome showed a prevalence of 10.4%, occurring mainly in men (64.2%), aged 30-50 years (64.2%), with over 10 years of experience (64.2%), working in night shifts (71.4%), sedentary (57.1%), and not taking courses unrelated to medicine (78.5%). Of the participants, 50.7% had at least one of the three criteria to develop the syndrome and only 8.2% have a low risk to manifest it. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of burnout is relevant among anesthesiologists in the Federal District. It is advisable to seek strategies for labor restructuring to reduce stress factors and loss of motivation and increase job satisfaction. .

JUSTIFICATIVA: a síndrome de burnout (queimar até a exaustão), consequência do estresse crônico, caracteriza-se por exaustão emocional, despersonalização e sentimento de baixa realização profissional. Acomete trabalhadores sob extrema responsabilidade ou que assistem indivíduos sob risco, incluindo anestesiologistas. Podem apresentar distanciamento em relação ao trabalho, pacientes e colegas, por sentirem-se mais seguros ao manter a indiferença. OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalência da síndrome do esgotamento profissional, a intensidade de seus componentes e identificar características dos seus portadores entre anestesiologistas do Distrito Federal. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, com 241 anestesiologistas inscritos na Sociedade de Anestesiologia do Distrito Federal. Usou-se questionário autoaplicável que incluiu o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach, dados sociodemográficos, profissionais e de lazer. RESULTADOS: dos 134 questionários respondidos (55,8%), foram predominantes os preenchidos por homens (65,6%), com faixa de 30 a 50 anos (67,9%). Foram encontrados níveis significativos de baixa realização profissional (47,7%), despersonalização (28,3%) e exaustão emocional (23,1%). A síndrome de burnout apresentou prevalência de 10,4%, ocorreu principalmente em homens (64,2%), na faixa de 30 a 50 anos (64,2%), com mais de dez anos de profissão (64,2%), com atuação em plantões noturnos (71,4%), sedentários (57,1%) e que não fazem cursos não relacionados à medicina (78,5%). Dos participantes, 50,7% apresentaram pelo menos um de três critérios para desenvolver a síndrome e apenas 8,2% têm baixo risco para sua manifestação. CONCLUSÃO: a prevalência da síndrome de burnout é relevante entre os anestesiologistas do Distrito Federal. É aconselhável buscar estratégias de reorganização laboral para diminuir fatores de estresse e perda da motivação e aumentar a satisfação no emprego. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN: El síndrome de burnout (quemarse hasta la saciedad), consecuencia del estrés crónico, se caracteriza por agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y sentimiento de baja satisfacción profesional. Afecta a trabajadores bajo extrema responsabilidad o que ayudan a individuos que están en situación de riesgo, incluyendo a los anestesistas. Pueden presentar un distanciamiento con relación al trabajo, pacientes y colegas, al sentirse más seguros con el mantenimiento de la indiferencia. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la prevalencia del síndrome del burnout, la intensidad de sus componentes e identificar las características de sus portadores entre los anestesistas del Distrito Federal. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal, con 241 anestesistas registrados en la Sociedad de Anestesiología del Distrito Federal. Usamos un cuestionario autoadministrado que incluyó el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach, datos sociodemográficos, profesionales y de ocio. RESULTADOS D: e los 134 cuestionarios respondidos (55,8%) predominaron los que fueron rellenados por hombres (65,6%), con una franja etaria de 30-50 años (67,9%). Fueron encontrados niveles significativos de baja satisfacción profesional (47,7%), despersonalización (28,3%) y agotamiento emocional (23,1%). El síndrome de burnout presentó una prevalencia de un 10,4%, ocurrió principalmente en los hombres (64,2%), en la franja etaria de 30-50 años (64,2%), con más de 10 años de profesión (64,2%), que trabajaban haciendo guardias nocturnas (71,4%), sedentarios (57,1%) y que no hacen cursos no relacionados con la medicina (78,5%). De los participantes, un 50,7% tuvieron por lo menos uno de los 3 criterios existentes para desarrollar el síndrome y solamente un 8,2% presentó un bajo riesgo para su manifestación. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia del síndrome de burnout es relevante entre los anestesistas del Distrito Federal. Se aconseja buscar estrategias de reorganización laboral para disminuir los factores de estrés y ...

[Prevalence of burnout syndrome among anesthesiologists in the Federal District]. / Prevalência de síndrome de burnout entre os anestesiologistas do Distrito Federal.

BACKGROUND: burnout syndrome is a result of chronic stress, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense of low professional accomplishment. It affects workers under extreme responsibility or those who care for individuals at risk, including anesthesiologists who distanced themselves from the work, patients and colleagues because they feel safer in maintaining indifference. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the prevalence of burnout syndrome and the intensity of its components and identify the characteristics of those with the syndrome among anesthesiologists in the Federal District. METHOD: cross-sectional study with 241 anesthesiologists enrolled in the Society of Anesthesiology of the Federal District. A self-administered questionnaire was used, which included the Maslach Burnout Inventory, demographic, professional, and leisure data. RESULTS: of the 134 completed questionnaires (55.8%), there was a predominance of male (65.6%), aged 30-50 years (67.9%). Significant lower levels of job satisfaction (47.7%), depersonalization (28.3%), and emotional exhaustion (23.1%) were found. Burnout syndrome showed a prevalence of 10.4%, occurring mainly in men (64.2%), aged 30-50 years (64.2%), with over ten years of experience (64.2%), working in night shifts (71.4%), sedentary (57.1%), and not taking courses unrelated to medicine (78.5%). Of the participants, 50.7% had at least one of three criteria to develop the syndrome and only 8.2% have a low risk to manifest it. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of burnout is relevant among anesthesiologists in the Federal District. It is advisable to seek strategies for labor restructuring to reduce stress factors and loss of motivation and increase job satisfaction.

Uso de preditores clínicos simples no diagnóstico pré-operatório de dificuldade de intubação endotraqueal em pacientes portadores de obesidade / Use of simple clinical predictors on preoperative diagnosis of difficult endotracheal intubation in obese patients / Uso de predictores clínicos sencillos en el diagnóstico preoperatorio de dificultad de intubación endotraqueal en pacientes obesos

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apesar da semelhante incidência de dificuldade à laringoscopia em obesos e não obesos há mais relatos de dificuldade de intubação endotraqueal em portadores de obesidade. Alternativas de diagnóstico e previsão de dificuldade de intubação no pré-operatório podem ajudar diminuir complicações anestésicas em indivíduos obesos. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar preditores para diagnóstico de via aérea difícil em pacientes obesos, pela correlação com métodos clínicos de avaliação pré-anestésica e polissonografia. Comparou-se também a incidência de dificuldade à ventilação sob máscara facial e à laringoscopia entre obesos e não obesos, verificando os preditores mais prevalentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, prospectivo, comparativo, com 88 pacientes adultos, submetidos à anestesia geral. No período pré-operatório, avaliou-se questionário sobre preditores clínicos de síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) e parâmetros anatômicos. Durante a anestesia, pesquisou-se dificuldade à ventilação sob máscara facial e laringoscopia. Para análise, estatística descritiva e teste de correlação. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos, 43 obesos e 45 não obesos. Estado físico, prevalência de roncos, hipertensão e diabetes mellitus, circunferência cervical e índice de Mallampati foram maiores nos obesos. Pacientes obesos apresentaram maior incidência de dificuldade de ventilação sob máscara e laringoscopia. Nenhuma variável clínica ou anatômica apresentou correlação com dificuldade de ventilação sob máscara nos grupos. Nos obesos, o diagnóstico de SAOS mostrou forte correlação com dificuldade à laringoscopia. CONCLUSÕES: Os diagnósticos clínico e polissonográfico de SAOS se mostraram úteis no diagnóstico pré-operatório de dificuldade à laringoscopia. Pacientes obesos estão mais propensos à dificuldade de ventilação sob máscara e laringoscopia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the incidence of difficult laryngoscopy is similar in obese and non-obese patients, there are more reports of difficult intubation in obese individuals. Alternatives for the diagnosis and prediction of difficult intubation in the preoperative period may help reduce anesthetic complications in obese patients. The aim of this study was to identify predictors for the diagnosis of difficult airway in obese patients, correlating with the clinical methods of pre-anesthetic evaluation and polysomnography. We also compared the incidence of difficult facemask ventilation and difficult laryngoscopy between obese and non-obese patients, identifying the most prevalent predictors. METHODS: Observational, prospective and comparative study, with 88 adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. In the preoperative period, we evaluated a questionnaire on the clinical predictors of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and anatomical parameters. During anesthesia, we evaluated difficult facemask ventilation and laryngoscopy. Descriptive statistics and correlation test were used for analysis. RESULTS: Patients were allocated into two groups: obese group (n = 43) and non-obese group (n = 45). Physical status, prevalence of snoring, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, neck circumference, and Mallampati index were higher in the obese group. Obese patients had a higher incidence of difficult facemask ventilation and laryngoscopy. There was no correlation between anatomical or clinical variable and difficult facemask ventilation in both groups. In obese patients, the diagnosis of OSAS showed strong correlation with difficult laryngoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and polysomnographic diagnosis of OSA proved useful in the preoperative diagnosis of difficult laryngoscopy. Obese patients are more prone to difficult facemask ventilation and laryngoscopy.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: A pesar de la incidencia similar de dificultad a la laringoscopia en obesos y no obesos, existen relatos de dificultad de intubación endotraqueal en obesos. Alternativas de diagnóstico y previsión de dificultad de intubación en el preoperatorio pueden ayudar a disminuir las complicaciones anestésicas en los individuos obesos. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los predictores para el diagnóstico de la vía aérea difícil en pacientes obesos, por medio de la correlación con los métodos clínicos de evaluación preanestésica y la polisomnografía. También comparamos la incidencia de dificultad a la ventilación bajo mascarilla facial y a la laringoscopia entre obesos y no obesos, verificando los predictores más prevalentes. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, prospectivo y comparativo con 88 pacientes adultos, sometidos a la anestesia general. En el período preoperatorio, se evaluó el cuestionario sobre predictores clínicos del síndrome de la apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) y los parámetros anatómicos. Durante la anestesia, investigamos una dificultad para la ventilación bajo mascarilla facial y laringoscopia. Para el análisis, la estadística descriptiva y el test de correlación. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes fueron ubicados en dos grupos, 43 obesos y 45 no obesos. El estado físico, la prevalencia de ronquidos, la hipertensión, la diabetes mellitus, la circunferencia cervical y le índice de Mallampati fueron más elevados en los obesos. Los pacientes obesos tenían una mayor incidencia de dificultad de ventilación bajo mascarilla y laringoscopia. Ninguna variable clínica o anatómica tuvo correlación con la dificultad de ventilación bajo mascarilla en los grupos. En los obesos, el diagnóstico de SAOS arrojó una fuerte correlación con la dificultad a la laringoscopia. CONCLUSIONES: Los diagnósticos clínico y polisomnográfico de SAOS fueron útiles para el diagnóstico preoperatorio de dificultad a la laringoscopia. Los pacientes obesos son más propensos a la dificultad de ventilación bajo mascarilla y laringoscopia.

Use of simple clinical predictors on preoperative diagnosis of difficult endotracheal intubation in obese patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the incidence of difficult laryngoscopy is similar in obese and non-obese patients, there are more reports of difficult intubation in obese individuals. Alternatives for the diagnosis and prediction of difficult intubation in the preoperative period may help reduce anesthetic complications in obese patients. The aim of this study was to identify predictors for the diagnosis of difficult airway in obese patients, correlating with the clinical methods of pre-anesthetic evaluation and polysomnography. We also compared the incidence of difficult facemask ventilation and difficult laryngoscopy between obese and non-obese patients, identifying the most prevalent predictors. METHODS: Observational, prospective and comparative study, with 88 adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. In the preoperative period, we evaluated a questionnaire on the clinical predictors of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and anatomical parameters. During anesthesia, we evaluated difficult facemask ventilation and laryngoscopy. Descriptive statistics and correlation test were used for analysis. RESULTS: Patients were allocated into two groups: obese group (n=43) and non-obese group (n=45). Physical status, prevalence of snoring, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, neck circumference, and Mallampati index were higher in the obese group. Obese patients had a higher incidence of difficult facemask ventilation and laryngoscopy. There was no correlation between anatomical or clinical variable and difficult facemask ventilation in both groups. In obese patients, the diagnosis of OSAS showed strong correlation with difficult laryngoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and polysomnographic diagnosis of OSA proved useful in the preoperative diagnosis of difficult laryngoscopy. Obese patients are more prone to difficult facemask ventilation and laryngoscopy.

Anestesia no paciente com síndrome do pulmão encolhido: relato de caso / Anesthesia in patient with shrinking lung syndrome: case report / Anestesia en el paciente con síndrome del pulmón encogido: relato de caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A incidência de acometimento pulmonar no Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) pode apresentar-se como uma síndrome denominada Síndrome do Pulmão Encolhido (SPE). De fisiopatologia bastante controversa, a SPE pode induzir dependência da ventilação mecânica. Devido à raridade, o número de publicações é restrito. O objetivo deste relato é apresentar o caso de paciente com SPE, submetida à correção de hérnia incisional sob anestesia peridural torácica. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente hipertensa, obesa e portadora de LES, diagnosticada com SPE há 18 anos. Dependente de oxigênio domiciliar noturno, apresentava dispneia aos pequenos esforços e espirometria com distúrbio ventilatório restritivo grave. Em pós-operatório anterior sob anestesia geral, permaneceu em ventilação mecânica por nove dias com desmame difícil. Submetida à correção de hérnia incisional por três horas sob anestesia peridural torácica, sem qualquer complicação respiratória per ou pós-operatória. CONCLUSÕES: A Síndrome do Pulmão Encolhido é uma doença rara, que exige do anestesiologista conhecimentos prévios, clínico e laboratorial, do paciente. A técnica de anestesia peridural torácica mostrou-se uma opção anestésica satisfatória para esta paciente, com evolução respiratória altamente satisfatória.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of pulmonary involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be presented as a syndrome called shrinking lung syndrome (SLS). SLS has quite a controversial pathophysiology, which can induce to a mechanical ventilation dependency. Due to its rarity, there is a limited number of publications on the subject. The objective of this report is to present the case of a patient with SLS who underwent incisional hernia repair under epidural anesthesia. CASE REPORT: Female patient with SLE, hypertensive and obese, diagnosed with SLS 18 years ago. She was dependent on nocturnal oxygen at home, had dyspnea on minimal exertion and spirometry with severe restrictive ventilatory defect. In a previous post-operative period under general anesthesia, she remained on mechanical ventilation for 9 days with difficult weaning. She underwent incisional hernia repair for 3 hours under thoracic epidural anesthesia without any pre- or post-operative respiratory complication. CONCLUSIONS: Shrinking lung syndrome is a rare disease that requires a prior knowledge of the clinical and laboratory history of the patient by the anesthesiologist. The thoracic epidural anesthesia technique proved to be a satisfactory option for this patient, with highly satisfactory respiratory evolution.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La aparición de la afectación pulmonar en el Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico (LES), puede aparecer como un síndrome denominado: Síndrome del Pulmón Encogido (SPE). De fisiopatología bastante controvertida, la SPE puede inducir a la dependencia de la ventilación mecánica. Debido a su raro aparecimiento, el número de publicaciones es muy pequeño. El objetivo de este relato, es presentar el caso de un paciente con SPE, sometida a la corrección de hernia incisional bajo anestesia epidural torácica. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente hipertensa, obesa y portadora de LES, diagnosticada con SPE hace 18 años. Dependiente de oxígeno domiciliario nocturno, presentaba disnea a los pequeños esfuerzos y espirometría con disturbio ventilatorio restrictivo grave. En el postoperatorio anterior bajo anestesia general, permaneció en ventilación mecánica por nueve días con destete difícil. Fue sometida a la corrección de hernia incisional durante tres horas bajo anestesia epidural torácica, sin ninguna complicación respiratoria per o postoperatoria. CONCLUSIONES: El Síndrome del Pulmón Encogido es una enfermedad rara que exige del anestesiólogo tener conocimientos previos, clínicos y laboratoriales sobre el paciente. La técnica de anestesia epidural torácica ha sido una opción anestésica satisfactoria para esa paciente, con una evolución respiratoria altamente satisfactoria.

Anesthesia in patient with shrinking lung syndrome: case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of pulmonary involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be presented as a syndrome called shrinking lung syndrome (SLS). SLS has quite a controversial pathophysiology, which can induce to a mechanical ventilation dependency. Due to its rarity, there is a limited number of publications on the subject. The objective of this report is to present the case of a patient with SLS who underwent incisional hernia repair under epidural anesthesia. CASE REPORT: Female patient with SLE, hypertensive and obese, diagnosed with SLS 18 years ago. She was dependent on nocturnal oxygen at home, had dyspnea on minimal exertion and spirometry with severe restrictive ventilatory defect. In a previous post-operative period under general anesthesia, she remained on mechanical ventilation for 9 days with difficult weaning. She underwent incisional hernia repair for 3 hours under thoracic epidural anesthesia without any pre- or post-operative respiratory complication. CONCLUSIONS: Shrinking lung syndrome is a rare disease that requires a prior knowledge of the clinical and laboratory history of the patient by the anesthesiologist. The thoracic epidural anesthesia technique proved to be a satisfactory option for this patient, with highly satisfactory respiratory evolution.

Ropivacaine in peribulbar anesthesia - vasoconstrictive properties.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peribulbar anesthesia can reduce ocular blood flow (OBF) by increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) or due to the action of drugs. Ropivacaine has low toxicity and intrinsic vasoconstrictive properties, yet to be proven on the ocular vasculature. Measurements of ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) allow the indirect evaluation of the OBF. The objective of the present study was to evaluate through the OBF the vasoconstrictive properties of ropivacaine in peribulbar anesthesia. METHODS: Forty eyes undergoing peribulbar anesthesia with 7 mL of anesthetic solution without vasoconstrictor were randomly divided into two groups: ropivacaine (n = 20) and bupivacaine (n = 20). The IOP, ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), OPA, hemodynamic parameters, and the degree of akinesia before and 5 and 10 minutes after the blockade were evaluated. A dynamic contour tonometer was used to evaluate ocular parameters. Sedation was similar in both groups. RESULTS: A significant variation in hemodynamic parameters and intensity of the motor blockade was not observed between groups. Differences in IOP, OPP, and OPA (p < 0.05) were observed between both groups at 5 and 10 minutes. The variation of IOP at 5 and 10 minutes was -0.88% and -4.54%, respectively with ropivacaine, and 17.61% and 16.56% with bupivacaine. The change in OPP after 5 and 10 minutes was 1.5% and 4.2% with ropivacaine, and -7% and -6% with bupivacaine. Ocular pulse amplitude varied -55.59% and -59.67% with ropivacaine at 5 and 10 minutes, and -34.71% and -28.82% with bupivacaine. CONCLUSIONS: Ropivacaine reduced more intensely the ocular pulse amplitude despite little changes in IOP and OPP. The reduction in ocular blood flow caused by ropivacaine can be attributed to its vasoconstrictive effect.

Evaluation of the influence of the codon 16 polymorphism of the Beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene on the incidence of arterial hypotension and ephedrine use in pregnant patients submitted to subarachnoid anesthesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene has several polymorphisms. Recent studies have demonstrated the clinical importance of the latter. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the Arg16Gli polymorphism on the incidence of arterial hypotension and ephedrine use in pregnant patients submitted to subarachnoid block for Cesarean section. METHOD: Healthy parturients (ASA I and II) were submitted to subarachnoid anesthesia for elective Cesarean section (n = 50). Ephedrine was administered in cases of arterial hypotension. The incidence of arterial hypotension and the required dose of ephedrine to correct the arterial pressure were compared between the different genotypes identified. RESULTS: The most prevalent genotype was Arg16Gli (60%, n = 30) followed by Gli16Gli (26%, n = 13) and Arg16Arg (14%, n = 7). No differences were observed regarding the basic characteristics of the genotypes. In comparison to the Arg16Arg genotype, the Gli16Gli presented a 3.95-fold increase in the hazard ratio of arterial hypotension (95%CI 0.86-18.11; p = 0.076), whereas the Arg16Gli presented a 4.83-fold increase (95%CI 1.13-20.50; p = 0.033). The parturients with the Arg16Arg needed, on average, 6.4 +/- 8.5 mg of ephedrine to correct the arterial hypotension, whereas those with the Arg16Gli needed 19.5 +/- 15.9 mg (p = 0.0445; 95%CI 0.3325-25.78) and the ones with the Gli16Gli genotype, 19.2 +/- 14.3 (p = 0.0445, 95%CI 0.3476-25.26). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the genetic variant Arg16Arg presents a lower incidence of arterial hypertension and that lower doses of ephedrine were necessary to reestablish normal arterial pressure in the patients with this genetic profile. We conclude that the Arg16Arg genotype confers better pressure stability to the parturients submitted to subarachnoid anesthesia for Cesarean section.

Avaliação da influência do polimorfismo do códon 16 do receptor beta-2 adrenérgico na incidência de hipotensão arterial e uso de efedrina em grávidas submetidas à anestesia subaracnoidea / Evaluation of the influence of the codon 16 polymorphism of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene on the incidence of arterial hypotension and ephedrine use in pregnant patients submitted to subarachnoid anesthesia

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O gene do receptor beta-2 adrenérgico possui diversos polimorfismos. Estudos recentes vêm demonstrando sua importância clínica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do polimorfismo Arg16Gli na incidência de hipotensão arterial e uso de efedrina em parturientes submetidas ao bloqueio subaracnoideo para cesariana. MÉTODO: Parturientes hígidas (ASA I e II) foram submetidas à anestesia raquidiana para realização de cesariana eletiva (n = 50). Efedrina foi administrada nos casos de hipotensão arterial. A incidência de hipotensão arterial e a dose requerida de efedrina para correção da pressão arterial foram comparadas entre os diferentes genótipos encontrados. RESULTADOS: O genótipo mais prevalente foi o Arg16Gli (60 por cento, n = 30) seguido pelo Gli16Gli (26 por cento, n = 13) e Arg16Arg (14 por cento, n = 7). Não foram observadas diferenças entre as características básicas dos genótipos. Com relação ao genótipo Arg16Arg, o Gli16Gli apresentou aumento da razão de risco de hipotensão arterial (hazard ratio) de 3,95 vezes (IC 95 por cento 0,86-18,11; p = 0,076), enquanto o Arg16Gli apresentou aumento de 4,83 vezes (IC 95 por cento 1,13-20,50; p = 0,033). As parturientes com Arg16Arg precisaram, em média, de 6,4 ± 8,5 mg de efedrina para correção de hipotensão arterial, enquanto as do Arg16Gli precisaram de 19,5 ± 15,9 mg (p = 0,0445; IC 95 por cento 0,3325-25,78) e as do tipo Gli16Gli, 19,2 ± 14,3 (p = 0,0445, IC 95 por cento 0,3476-25,26). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram que a variante genética Arg16Arg apresenta menor incidência de hipotensão arterial e que menores doses de efedrina foram necessárias para restabelecimento de normotensão arterial nas pacientes com esse perfil genético. Concluímos que o genótipo Arg16Arg confere maior estabilidade pressórica às parturientes submetidas à anestesia raquidiana para cesariana.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene has several polymorphisms. Recent studies have demonstrated the clinical importance of the latter. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the Arg16Gli polymorphism on the incidence of arterial hypotension and ephedrine use in pregnant patients submitted to subarachnoid block for Cesarean section. METHOD: Healthy parturients (ASA I and II) were submitted to subarachnoid anesthesia for elective Cesarean section (n = 50). Ephedrine was administered in cases of arterial hypotension. The incidence of arterial hypotension and the required dose of ephedrine to correct the arterial pressure were compared between the different genotypes identified. RESULTS: The most prevalent genotype was Arg16Gli (60 percent, n = 30) followed by Gli16Gli (26 percent, n = 13) and Arg16Arg (14 percent, n = 7). No differences were observed regarding the basic characteristics of the genotypes. In comparison to the Arg16Arg genotype, the Gli16Gli presented a 3.95-fold increase in the hazard ratio of arterial hypotension (95 percentCI 0.86-18.11; p = 0.076), whereas the Arg16Gli presented a 4.83-fold increase (95 percentCI 1.13-20.50; p = 0.033). The parturients with the Arg16Arg needed, on average, 6.4 ± 8.5 mg of ephedrine to correct the arterial hypotension, whereas those with the Arg16Gli needed 19.5 ± 15.9 mg (p = 0.0445; 95 percentCI 0.3325-25.78) and the ones with the Gli16Gli genotype, 19.2 ± 14.3 (p = 0.0445, 95 percentCI 0.3476-25.26). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the genetic variant Arg16Arg presents a lower incidence of arterial hypertension and that lower doses of ephedrine were necessary to reestablish normal arterial pressure in the patients with this genetic profile. We conclude that the Arg16Arg genotype confers better pressure stability to the parturients submitted to subarachnoid anesthesia for Cesarean section.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El gen del receptor beta-2 adrenérgico posee diversos polimorfismos. Estudios recientes han venido demostrando su importancia clínica. El objetivo de este trabajo, fue evaluar la influencia del polimorfismo Arg16Gli en la incidencia de hipotensión arterial y el uso de efedrina en parturientas sometidas al bloqueo subaracnoideo para cesárea. MÉTODO: Parturientas sanas (ASA I y II) fueron sometidas a la anestesia raquídea para la realización de cesárea electiva (n = 50). Efedrina fue administrada en los casos de hipotensión arterial. La incidencia de hipotensión arterial y la dosis requerida de efedrina para la corrección de la presión arterial fueron comparadas entre los diferentes genotipos encontrados. RESULTADOS: El genotipo que más prevaleció fue el Arg16Gli (60 por ciento, n = 30) seguido por el Gli16Gli (26 por ciento, n = 13) y Arg16Arg (14 por ciento, n = 7). No se observaron diferencias entre las características básicas de los genotipos. Con relación al genotipo Arg16Arg, el genotipo Gli16Gli presentó un aumento de la razón de riesgo de hipotensión arterial (hazard ratio) de 3,95 veces (IC 95 por ciento 0,86-18,11; p = 0,076), mientras que el genotipo Arg16Gli presentó un aumento de 4,83 veces (IC 95 por ciento 1,13-20,50; p = 0,033). Las parturientas con genotipo Arg16Arg, necesitaron como promedio 6,4 ± 8,5 mg de efedrina para la corrección de la hipotensión arterial, mientras que las del genotipo Arg16Gli necesitaron 19,5 ± 15,9 mg (p = 0,0445; IC 95 por ciento 0.3325-25.78) y las del tipo Gli16Gli 19,2 ± 14,3 (p = 0,0445, IC 95 por ciento 0.3476-25.26). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados mostraron que la variante genética Arg16Arg presenta una menor incidencia de hipotensión arterial y que menores dosis de efedrina fueron necesarias para el reestablecimiento de la normotensión arterial en las pacientes con ese perfil genético. Concluimos que el genotipo Arg16Arg le da una mayor estabilidad de presión a...

Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section is secondary to the sympathetic blockade and aorto-caval compression by the uterus and it can be deleterious to both the fetus and the mother. Ephedrine and phenylephrine improve venous return after sympathetic blockade during the spinal block. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention and treatment of maternal hypotension during spinal block and to evaluate their side effects and fetal changes. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing spinal block with bupivacaine and sufentanil for cesarean section were randomly divided in two groups to receive prophylactic ephedrine (Group E, n = 30, dose = 10 mg) or phenylephrine (Group P, n = 30, dose = 80 microg). Hypotension (blood pressure equal or lower than 80% of baseline values) was treated with bolus administration of the vasoconstrictor at 50% of the initial dose. The incidence of hypotension, reactive hypertension, bradycardia, and vomiting, and Apgar scores on the 1st and 5th minutes, and blood gases of the umbilical cord blood were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean dose of ephedrine used was 14.8 +/- 3.8 mg and of phenylephrine was 186.7 +/- 52.9 microg. Demographic parameters and the incidence of vomiting, bradycardia, and reactive hypertension were similar in both groups. Hypotension had an incidence of 70% in Group E and 93% in Group P (p < 0.05). The mean arterial pH of the umbilical cord blood and the Apgar score in the 1st minute were lower in Group E (p < 0.05). Differences in the Apgar score in the 5th minute were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Ephedrine was more effective than phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension. Both drugs had similar incidence of side effects. Fetal repercussions were less frequent with phenylephrine and were transitory with the use of ephedrine.

Efedrina versus fenilefrina: prevenção de hipotensão arterial durante anestesia raquídea para cesariana e efeitos sobre o feto / Efedrina versus fenilefrina: prevención de hipotensión arterial durante anestesia raquidea para cesárea y efectos sobre el feto / Ephedrine versus phenylephrine: prevention of hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section and effects on the fetus

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A hipotensão arterial durante a anestesia raquídea para cesariana deve-se ao bloqueio simpático e compressão aorto-cava pelo útero e pode ocasionar efeitos deletérios para o feto e a mãe. A efedrina e fenilefrina melhoram o retorno venoso após bloqueio simpático durante anestesia raquídea. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia da efedrina e da fenilefrina em prevenir e tratar a hipotensão arterial materna durante anestesia raquídea e avaliar seus efeitos colaterais e alterações fetais. MÉTODO: Sessenta pacientes, submetidas à anestesia raquídea com bupivacaína e sufentanil para cesariana, foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos para receber, profilaticamente, efedrina (Grupo E, n = 30, dose = 10 mg) ou fenilefrina (Grupo F, n = 30, dose = 80 µg). Hipotensão arterial (pressão arterial menor ou igual a 80 por cento da medida basal) foi tratada com bolus de vasoconstritor com 50 por cento da dose inicial. Foram avaliados: incidência de hipotensão arterial, hipertensão arterial reativa, bradicardia e vômitos, escore de Apgar no primeiro e quinto minutos e gasometria do cordão umbilical. RESULTADOS: A dose média de efedrina foi 14,8 ± 3,8 mg e 186,7 ± 52,9 µg de fenilefrina. Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto aos parâmetros demográficos e incidência de vômitos, bradicardia e hipertensão arterial reativa. A incidência de hipotensão arterial foi de 70 por cento no Grupo E e 93 por cento no Grupo F (p < 0,05). O pH arterial médio do cordão umbilical e o escore de Apgar no primeiro minuto foram menores no grupo E (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença no escore do quito minuto. CONCLUSÕES: A efedrina foi mais eficiente que fenilefrina na prevenção de hipotensão arterial. Ambos os fármacos apresentaram incidência semelhante de efeitos colaterais. As repercussões fetais foram menos freqüentes com o uso da fenilefrina e apenas transitórias com a utilização da efedrina.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La hipotensión arterial durante la anestesia raquídea para cesárea se debe al bloqueo simpático y a la compresión aortocava por el útero y puede ocasionar efectos malignos para el feto y su madre. La efedrina y fenilefrina mejoran el retorno venoso después del bloqueo simpático durante la anestesia raquídea. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la eficacia de la efedrina y de la fenilefrina en prevenir y tratar la hipotensión arterial materna durante la anestesia raquídea y evaluar así sus efectos colaterales y las alteraciones fetales. MÉTODO: Sesenta pacientes, sometidas a la anestesia raquídea con bupivacaína y sufentanil para cesárea, se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos para recibir, profilácticamente, efedrina (Grupo E, n = 30, dosis = 10mg) o fenilefrina (Grupo F, n = 30, dosis = 80 µg). Hipotensión arterial (presión arterial menor o igual a un 80 por ciento de la medida basal) fue tratada con bolo de vasoconstrictor con un 50 por ciento de la dosis inicial. Se evaluaron: incidencia de hipotensión arterial, hipertensión arterial reactiva, bradicardia y vómitos, puntuación de Apgar en el 1º y 5º minutos y gasometría del cordón umbilical. RESULTADOS: La dosis promedio de efedrina fue 14,8 mg (± 3,8) y 186,7 µg (± 52,9) de fenilefrina. Los grupos fueron similares en cuanto a los parámetros demográficos y a la incidencia de vómitos, bradicardia e hipertensión arterial reactiva. La incidencia de hipotensión arterial fue de un 70 por ciento en el Grupo E y un 93 por ciento en el Grupo F (p < 0,05). El pH arterial promedio del cordón umbilical y el puntaje de Apgar en el 1º minuto fueron menores en el grupo E (p < 0,05). No se registró diferencia en el puntaje del 5º minuto. CONCLUSIONES: La efedrina fue más efectiva que la fenilefrina en la prevención de la hipotensión arterial. Los dos fármacos presentaron una incidencia similar de efectos colaterales. Las repercusiones fetales fueron menos frecuentes...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypotension during spinal block for cesarean section is secondary to the sympathetic blockade and aorto-caval compression by the uterus and it can be deleterious to both the fetus and the mother. Ephedrine and phenylephrine improve venous return after sympathetic blockade during the spinal block. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of ephedrine and phenylephrine in the prevention and treatment of maternal hypotension during spinal block and to evaluate their side effects and fetal changes. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing spinal block with bupivacaine and sufentanil for cesarean section were randomly divided in two groups to receive prophylactic ephedrine (Group E, n = 30, dose = 10 mg) or phenylephrine (Group P, n = 30, dose = 80 µg). Hypotension (blood pressure equal or lower than 80 percent of baseline values) was treated with bolus administration of the vasoconstrictor at 50 percent of the initial dose. The incidence of hypotension, reactive hypertension, bradycardia, and vomiting, and Apgar scores on the 1st and 5th minutes, and blood gases of the umbilical cord blood were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean dose of ephedrine used was 14.8 ± 3.8 mg and of phenylephrine was 186.7 ± 52.9 µg. Demographic parameters and the incidence of vomiting, bradycardia, and reactive hypertension were similar in both groups. Hypotension had an incidence of 70 percent in Group E and 93 percent in Group P (p < 0.05). The mean arterial pH of the umbilical cord blood and the Apgar score in the 1st minute were lower in Group E (p < 0.05). Differences in the Apgar score in the 5th minute were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Ephedrine was more effective than phenylephrine in the prevention of hypotension. Both drugs had similar incidence of side effects. Fetal repercussions were less frequent with phenylephrine and were transitory with the use of ephedrine.

Hematoma após anestesia peridural: tratamento conservador. Relato de caso / Hematoma after epidural anesthesia: conservative treatment. Case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O hematoma associado à compressão espinhal após anestesia peridural é uma complicação neurológica grave, apesar da pequena incidência relatada (1:150.000). É um episódio agudo, e o tratamento tradicionalmente aplicado é a descompressão cirúrgica de urgência. Mais recentemente, em casos específicos, o tratamento com corticosteróide tem sido aplicado como alternativa, com boa recuperação neurológica. O objetivo deste relato foi expor um caso de hematoma peridural com tratamento conservador e recuperação neurológica completa. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 34 anos, estado físico ASA I, sem qualquer histórico de coagulopatia ou terapia anticoagulante, submetida à anestesia peridural com punção única, em L2-L3, para tratamento cirúrgico de varizes nos membros inferiores. Oito horas após a anestesia regional, ela ainda apresentava bloqueio motor completo (escala de Bromage), redução das sensibilidades térmica e dolorosa abaixo do nível L3, hiperalgesia na região plantar esquerda, preservação dos reflexos tendinosos e ausência de dor lombar. A tomografia computadorizada revelou hematoma peridural em L2 com compressão do saco dural. Dez horas após a punção peridural não havia progressão dos sinais e sintomas neurológicos. Optou-se, então, pelo tratamento com metilprednisolona em infusão venosa contínua (5,3 mg.kg-1 na primeira hora e 1,4 mg.kg-1.h-1 nas 23 horas subseqüentes). Oito horas após o início do tratamento, a paciente recuperou as sensibilidades térmica e dolorosa, e houve regressão total do bloqueio motor. Na 12ª hora, deambulava e referia dor na ferida operatória. O hematoma peridural não foi visualizado em nova tomografia computadorizada na 14ª hora após o início do tratamento. A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar 86 horas depois do início do tratamento conservador, sem comprometimento neurológico. Uma tomografia computadorizada de controle, após sete meses, mostrou o canal vertebral completamente...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hematoma associated with spinal compression after epidural anesthesia is a severe neurological complication, despite the reduced incidence reported (1:150,000). It is an acute episode and the traditional treatment includes urgent surgical decompression. More recently, treatment with corticosteroids has been used as an alternative, in specific cases, with good neurological resolution. The objective of this report was to present the case of an epidural hematoma treated conservatively with complete neurological recovery. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 34 years old, ASA physical status I, with no prior history of bleeding disorders or anticlotting treatment, underwent epidural anesthesia at the L2-L3 level for the surgical treatment of lower limb varicose veins. Eight hours after the regional anesthesia, the patient still presented complete motor blockade (Bromage scale), reduction of thermal and pain sensitivity below L3, hyperalgesia in the left plantar region, preserved tendon reflexes, and absence of lumbar pain. A CT scan showed an epidural hematoma in L2, with compression of the dural sac. Ten hours after the epidural puncture, there was no regression of neurological signs and symptoms. It was decided, then, to treat the patient with a continuous infusion of methylprednisolone (5.3 mg.kg-1 in the first hour and 1.4 mg.kg-1.h-1 in the following 23 hours). Eight hours after the beginning of the treatment, the patient recovered thermal and pain sensitivity and presented total regression of the motor blockade. On the 12th hour, she was walking and complained of pain in the surgical wound. The epidural hematoma was not visualized in a CT scan done 14 hours after the beginning of the treatment. The patient was discharged 86 hours after the beginning of the treatment without neurological deficits. A CT scan done after 7 months showed a completely normal spinal canal. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of the conservative approach...

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: O hematoma asociado a la compresión espinal después de la anestesia peridural es una complicación neurológica grave, a pesar de la pequeña incidencia relatada (1:150.000). Es un episodio agudo y el tratamiento tradicionalmente aplicado es la descompresión quirúrgica de urgencia. Recientemente, en casos específicos, el tratamiento con corticosteroide ha sido aplicado como alternativa y con una buena recuperación neurológica. El objetivo de este relato fue exponer un caso de hematoma peridural con tratamiento conservador y recuperación neurológica completa. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, 34 años, estado físico ASA I, sin ningún historial de coagulopatía o terapia anticoagulante, sometida a la anestesia peridural con punción única, en L2-L3, para tratamiento quirúrgico de várices en los miembros inferiores. Ocho horas después de la anestesia regional, todavía presentaba bloqueo motor completo (escala de Bromage), reducción de las sensibilidades térmica y dolorosa por debajo del nivel L3, hiperalgesia en la región plantar izquierda, preservación de los reflejos tendinosos y ausencia de dolor lumbar. La tomografía computadorizada reveló hematoma peridural en L2 con compresión del saco dural. Diez horas después de la punción peridural no había progresión de las señales y síntomas neurológicos. Se optó entonces por el tratamiento con metilprednisolona en infusión venosa continua (5,3 mg.kg-1 en la primera hora y 1,4 mg.kg-1.h-1 en las 23 horas siguientes). Ocho horas después del inicio del tratamiento, la paciente recuperó las sensibilidades térmica y dolorosa y la regresión total del bloqueo motor. En la 12ª hora, deambulaba y refería dolor en la herida operada. El hematoma peridural no se visualizó en una nueva tomografía computadorizada en la 14ª hora después del inicio del tratamiento. La paciente recibió alta hospitalaria 86 horas después del inicio del tratamiento conservador, sin comprometimiento neurológico. Una...